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Andrei Pervozvanny-class battleship
The ''Andrey Pervozvanny'' class were a pair of predreadnought battleships built in the mid-1900s for the Baltic Fleet of the Imperial Russian Navy. They were conceived by the Naval Technical Committee in 1903 as an incremental development of the s with increased displacement and heavier secondary armament. Work on the lead ship, ''Andrey Pervozvanny (Saint Andrew)'', commenced at the New Admiralty, Saint Petersburg in March 1904; ''Imperator Pavel I'' trailed by six months.
The disastrous experiences of the Russo-Japanese War led to countless redesigns, change orders and delays in construction. After the completion of ''Andrey Pervozvanny'' its builders identified seventeen distinct stages of her design. ''Andrey Pervozvanny'' was launched in October 1906 but subsequent alterations delayed completion until 1911. Almost all of her hull was armored, albeit thinly; redesign and refinement of protective armor continued until 1912. The ship's artillery mixed novel quick-firing long range 8-inch guns with obsolescent 12-inch 40 caliber main guns. The ''Andrey Pervozvanny''-class battleships became the only battleships of the Old World fitted with lattice masts,〔"The only foreign ships to have them were the U.S.-built Argentinian ''Rivadavia'' and ''Moreno'' and the Russian ''Andrei Pervozvanny'' and ''Imperator Pavel I''." – Morison, Morison and Polmar, p. 172.〕 which were replaced with conventional masts at the beginning of World War I. The imposing ships, the largest in the Russian Navy until the completion of the dreadnoughts,〔Largest combatants by displacement until the completion of s in 1914. The earlier ''Rossia'', ''Gromoboi'' and ''Rurik II'' surpassed ''Andrey Pervozvanny'' in length but had significantly lesser displacement. Prior to ''Gangut'' class, Russian Navy's largest ship ''by displacement'' was the non-combatant transport ''Anadyr'' at 19,000 tonnes. – Melnikov 2003, p. 46.〕 were obsolete from the start: by the time of their sea trials the Royal Navy had already launched the super-dreadnoughts.
In the first year of World War I ''Andrey Pervozvanny'' and ''Imperator Pavel I'' comprised the battle core of the Baltic Fleet. For most of the war they remained moored in the safety of Sveaborg and Helsingfors.〔Suomenlinna (former Sveaborg) is now part of the city of Helsinki (former Helsingfors). Sveaborg and Helsingfors were two separate bases of the Imperial Russian Navy.〕 Idle, demoralized enlisted men subscribed to Bolshevik ideology and on took control of the ships in a violent mutiny. The battleships survived the Ice Cruise of 1918, and ''Andrey Pervozvanny'' later gunned down the Krasnaya Gorka fort mutiny of 1919. After the Kronstadt rebellion the Bolshevik government lost interest in maintaining the battleships, and they were laid up in November–December 1923.
==Design==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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